+static void
+bad_malloc(unsigned int size)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "fatal: could not malloc() %d bytes\n",
+ (int) size);
+ exit(1);
+}
+
+void *
+emallocz(unsigned int size)
+{
+ void *res = calloc(1, size);
+ if(!res)
+ bad_malloc(size);
+ return res;
+}
+
+void *
+emalloc(unsigned int size)
+{
+ void *res = malloc(size);
+ if(!res)
+ bad_malloc(size);
+ return res;
+}
+
+void *
+erealloc(void *ptr, unsigned int size)
+{
+ void *res = realloc(ptr, size);
+ if(!res)
+ bad_malloc(size);
+ return res;
+}
+
+char *
+estrdup(const char *str)
+{
+ void *res = strdup(str);
+ if(!res)
+ bad_malloc(strlen(str));
+ return res;
+}
+
+void
+failed_assert(char *a, char *file, int line)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "Assertion \"%s\" failed at %s:%d\n", a, file, line);
+ abort();
+}
+
+void
+swap(void **p1, void **p2)
+{
+ void *tmp = *p1;
+ *p1 = *p2;
+ *p2 = tmp;
+}